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Compare Spratly Islands (2003) - Libya (2001)

Compare Spratly Islands (2003) z Libya (2001)

 Spratly Islands (2003)Libya (2001)
 Spratly IslandsLibya
Administrative divisions - 25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25 municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions
Age structure - 0-14 years:
35.41% (male 947,645; female 907,854)

15-64 years:
60.64% (male 1,645,085; female 1,533,066)

65 years and over:
3.95% (male 101,701; female 105,248) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle
Airports 3 (2002) 136 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)		 total:
58

over 3,047 m:
23

2,438 to 3,047 m:
6

1,524 to 2,437 m:
22

914 to 1,523 m:
5

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2002)		 total:
78

over 3,047 m:
4

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
14

914 to 1,523 m:
40

under 914 m:
18 (2000 est.)
Area total: less than 5 sq km


land: less than 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South China Sea		 total:
1,759,540 sq km

land:
1,759,540 sq km

water:
0 sq km
Area - comparative NA slightly larger than Alaska
Background The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 50 islands are occupied by China (about 450 soldiers), Malaysia (70-90), the Philippines (about 100), and Vietnam (about 1,500). Brunei is a claimant but has no outposts. (2002) Since he took power in a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own political system - a combination of socialism and Islam - which he calls the Third International Theory. Viewing himself as a revolutionary leader, he used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, even supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Libyan military adventures failed, e.g., the prolonged foray of Libyan troops into the Aozou Strip in northern Chad was finally repulsed in 1987. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. Those sanctions were suspended in April 1999.
Birth rate - 27.67 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget - revenues:
$6.85 billion

expenditures:
$4.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital - Tripoli
Climate tropical Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Coastline 926 km 1,770 km
Constitution - 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Spratly Islands		 conventional long form:
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

conventional short form:
Libya

local long form:
Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma

local short form:
none
Currency - Libyan dinar (LYD)
Death rate - 3.51 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external - $4.1 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US - the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli on 2 May 1980
Diplomatic representation in the US - Libya does not have an embassy in the US
Disputes - international all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has not publicly claimed the island; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but which fell short of a legally binding "code of conduct" Libya claims about 19,400 sq km in northern Niger and also a part of southeastern Algeria
Economic aid - recipient - $8.4 million (1995)
Economy - overview Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed. The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. In this statist society, import restrictions and inefficient resource allocations have led to periodic shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs. The nonoil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food requirements. Higher oil prices in 1999 and 2000 led to an increase in export revenues, which improved macroeconomic balances and helped to stimulate the economy. Following the suspension of UN sanctions in 1999, Libya has been trying to increase its attractiveness to foreign investors, and several foreign companies have visited in search of contracts.
Electricity - consumption - 17.577 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production - 18.9 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m		 lowest point:
Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m

highest point:
Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Environment - current issues NA desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
Environment - international agreements - party to:
Climate Change, Desertification, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups - Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Exchange rates - Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081 (2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)

note:
Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one for government operations and foreign companies and one for Libyan individuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)
Executive branch - chief of state:
Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state

head of government:
Secretary of the General People's Committee (Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000)

cabinet:
General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress

elections:
national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held NA)

election results:
Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of General People's Congress vote - NA%
Exports - $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities - crude oil, refined petroleum products
Exports - partners - Italy 33%, Germany 24%, Spain 10%, France 5%, Turkey 4%, Tunisia 4% (1999)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
GDP - purchasing power parity - $45.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture:
7%

industry:
47%

services:
46% (1997 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $8,900 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 6.5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 8 38 N, 111 55 E 25 00 N, 17 00 E
Geography - note strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs -
Highways - total:
24,484 km

paved:
6,800 km

unpaved:
17,684 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports - $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities - machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods
Imports - partners - Italy 24%, Germany 12%, Tunisia 9%, UK 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (1999)
Independence - 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
Industrial production growth rate - NA%
Industries - petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Infant mortality rate - 28.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 18.5% (2000 est.)
International organization participation - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1998 est.) 4,700 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch - Supreme Court
Labor force - 1.5 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation - services and government 54%, industry 29%, agriculture 17% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total:
4,383 km

border countries:
Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (1998 est.)		 arable land:
1%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
8%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
91% (1993 est.)
Languages - Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
Legal system - based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch - unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)
Life expectancy at birth - total population:
75.65 years

male:
73.53 years

female:
77.88 years (2001 est.)
Literacy - definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
76.2%

male:
87.9%

female:
63% (1995 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Tunisia
Map references Southeast Asia Africa
Maritime claims NA territorial sea:
12 NM

note:
Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
Merchant marine - total:
28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 399,725 GRT/654,843 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 10, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 3, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger 4 (2000 est.)
Military - note Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam -
Military branches - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Command
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $1.3 billion (FY99/00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 3.9% (FY99/00)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
1,459,400 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
866,012 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 17 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
61,694 (2001 est.)
National holiday - Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
Nationality - noun:
Libyan(s)

adjective:
Libyan
Natural hazards typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and shoals hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Natural resources fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Net migration rate - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Political parties and leaders - none
Political pressure groups and leaders - various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several claimant states (July 2003 est.)		 5,240,599

note:
includes 662,669 non-nationals, of which an estimated 500,000 or more are Africans living in Libya (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA%
Population growth rate - 2.42% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors none; offshore anchorage only Al Khums, Banghazi, Darnah, Marsa al Burayqah, Misratah, Ra's Lanuf, Tobruk, Tripoli, Zuwarah
Radio broadcast stations - AM 17, FM 4, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios - 1.35 million (1997)
Railways - note:
Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a 1.435-m standard gauge line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then inland to Sabha, center of a mineral-rich area, but there has been little progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line from As Sallum, Egypt, to Tobruk with completion originally set for mid-1994; Libya signed contracts with two private companies - Bahne of Egypt and Jez Sistemas Ferroviarios of Spain - in 1998 for the supply of crossings and pointwork (1001)
Religions - Sunni Muslim 97%
Sex ratio - at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.97 male(s)/female

total population:
1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telephone system - general assessment:
telecommunications system is being modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996

domestic:
microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international:
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)
Telephones - main lines in use - 380,000 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular - NA
Television broadcast stations - 12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1998)
Terrain flat mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
Total fertility rate - 3.64 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate - 30% (2000 est.)
Waterways none none
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